Nucleus accumbens in the lizard Psammodromus algirus: chemoarchitecture and cortical afferent connections.

To better understand the organization and evolution of the basal ganglia of vertebrates, in the present study we have analyzed the chemoarchitecture and the cortical input to the nucleus accumbens in the lacertid lizard Psammodromus algirus. The nucleus accumbens contains many gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-positive neurons and calbindin-positive neurons, the majority of which may be spiny projection neurons, and a few dispersed neuropeptide Y-positive neurons that likely represent aspiny interneurons. The nucleus accumbens contains two chemoarchitectonically different fields: a rostromedial field that stains heavily for substance P, dopamine, GABA(A) receptor, and a caudolateral field that stains only lightly to moderately for them, appearing more similar to the adjacent striatum. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine were placed in either the medial, dorsomedial, or dorsal cortices of Psammodromus. The medial and the dorsal cortices project heavily to the rostromedial field of the accumbens, whereas they project lightly to moderately to the caudolateral field. Cortical terminals make asymmetric, presumably excitatory, synaptic contacts with distal dendrites and the head of spines. Our results indicate that the hippocampal-like projection to the nucleus accumbens is similar between mammals and reptiles in that cortical terminals make mainly excitatory synapses on spiny, putatively projection neurons. However, our results and results from previous investigations indicate that important differences exist between the nucleus accumbens of mammals and reptiles regarding local modulatory interactions between cortical, dopaminergic, and cholinergic elements, which suggest that the reptilian nucleus accumbens may be as a whole comparable to the shell of the mammalian nucleus accumbens.